Scentipedia

Recycle cell phones? Absolutely!

Did you know that you can actually recycle your old or used cell phones? If you’re like most people, you probably have an old cell phone or two hidden in a drawer somewhere. In a few months or years, you’ll rediscover these hidden phones and having no further use to you, these old units will most likely end up in your garbage bin and thence, in your city’s landfill.

But there’s a better, more environmentally-responsible, even more profitable way to dispose of your old cell phones. Cell phone recycling is the answer.

There may be around 700 million used or old cell phones in America today, with approximately 125 million discarded cell phones added every year. According to a study done by a market intelligence firm iSuppli Corporation in 2007, 36.8 percent stored their cell phones in their drawers, 10.2 percent threw their cell phones away or declared these as lost or stolen, and only 9.4 percent recycled their used or old cell phones. In actual numbers, that’s 10 million cell phones rotting away in our country’s landfills and 37 million cell phones gathering dust in the drawers of America – and that’s from 2007 alone!

Why should you recycle your cell phones?

Like other electronic wastes, cell phones in their circuit boards and batteries, contain such harmful heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium. Dangerous chemicals like brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are also found in the plastic casing of most cell phones. According to Dr. Anne Marie Helmenstine, author and leading authority in biomedical sciences, lead has been found to cause development problems in children and diminishes brain functions even in adults. Cadmium exposure can lead to “liver and irreversible kidney problems (often fatal), respiratory and bone density problems. Compounds containing cadmium are also carcinogenic.”

Most of our landfills today are scientifically designed to contain chemicals leaking from the solid waste, but will you gamble the health of your children and your’s on the chance that cell phones and other electronic wastes we so carelessly throw to our landfills will not leach chemicals into our underground water systems? The likelihood of these dangerous and deadly chemicals seeping into our water systems is just too high. By dumping cell phones and other electronic wastes in our landfills, we are practically poisoning ourselves.

Is there money in cell phone recycling?

Yes. As a matter of fact, cell phone recycling can be quite lucrative. You can make money by selling your used or old cell phones to recycling and refurbishing companies like Pacebutler Corporation in Edmond, OK who will pay as much as $50 for each cell phone you turn in and will even pay for the shipping of packages containing at least 4 cell phones. The refurbishing company then turns around, and refurbishes these cell phones to be marketed to wholesale buyers abroad, bringing communication capability to people from developing countries in South America and other areas.

On a much larger scale, recycling companies like Umicore in Belgium, who process unserviceable cell phones and e-waste, are able to extract such precious metals and other materials from cell phones like gold, silver, platinum, copper, coltan, plastic and glass, etc. from these. Did you know that there’s more gold found in one metric ton of cell phone and other electronic waste than 17 tons of gold ore excavated and refined through the traditional mining process? The good news is, after the entire recycling process is over, less than half of 1% of the entire electronic waste processed, is deemed unfit to be returned to the production cycle and is then just burned for energy generation.

The precious metals present in each cell phone are basically just trace amounts, so it’s impractical and patently dangerous (because of the industrial chemicals necessary) for you to try and extract these minerals from your cell phone at home. It may seem like a joke, but it was in the news last month – a man who fancied himself as an “urban miner” got poisoned by the industrial chemicals he was using, while “mining” cell phones. The giant recycling firms make money by processing tons and tons of cell phones and other electronic waste.

How do you recycle cell phones?

Give your old or used cell phones to friends or family. Perhaps the most practical and easiest way to recycle cell phones is by extending the life cycle of old phones by giving these away to a friend or a family member. Most of the cell phones we hide or throw away in exchange for a newer model or after we switched to a different provider are still perfectly usable. You can give it to a friend or a younger sister, and you’re sure that cell phone will have a year or two more of use before getting permanently retired. But then again, if you go by this route, you’re merely extending the life cycle of your old phones. You can put in a word for the environment by asking the person you’re giving your phone to, to recycle it properly when the time comes.

Recycle cell phones through the manufacturer or service provider. Did you know that you can actually return your old cell phones to the manufacturer? The leading US manufacturers and service providers like AT&T, Verizon, and Sprint all have cell phone take-back programs, complete with free shipping and/or discounts in subsequent purchases. These companies will ensure that the cell phones are recycled or refurbished in a responsible and environmentally-sound process. It’s a win-win solution, too. The companies win by having access to a steady stream of recycled materials for manufacturing of new items. You win by making sure the your old phones are recycled responsibly and by getting the discounts from your purchases.

Donate your cell phones to your favorite charity. Many charitable and non-profit organizations today are able to raise funds for their respective charities and projects by collecting used and old cell phones, and then selling them to recyclers and refurbishers. If you want to start such a project in your own city or neighborhood, you can network with other non-profit organizations and even ask for material support from the recycling companies. People, even kids, are doing it. If you live near a zoo, chances are you’ve seen cell phone collection boxes near the zoo entrance. The fact is, by raising funds for a worthy cause by collecting and reselling old cell phones, you are putting to good use something that would have been useless, even harmful if disposed improperly.

Recycle cell phones through recycling and refurbishing companies. Selling your old or used cell phones to companies like Pacebutler Corporation is a fast and convenient option. You can actually process everything online in a few minutes. All you need to do is access the company’s website, check for the actual buying prices of your cell phones’ model, and request for a shipping label. Once you have the pre-paid labels, you can box and send your old cell phones to the company. The turn-around time is very fast for these online transactions, too. Generally, the company sends you your check within 4 business days after receiving your cell phones.

To summarize, we have outlined here the paramount importance of recycling your old or used cell phones, in the light of potential impact on the environment and people’s health. There is still so much room for growth in our cell phone recycling efforts, as we’ve seen in the numbers above. But things are looking up, as more and more people become aware of the importance and the absolute necessity to recycle cell phones, we should be able to move forward in increasing the cell phone recycling rate nationwide.

Recycle your cell phones today. As the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says, “it’s an easy call to make.”

When you enroll in courses in Oriental medicine, you will be pleasantly surprised at the diverse assortment of holistic treatment modalities that these programs entail. Among some of the popular therapies that are taught in Oriental medicine courses include acupuncture, veterinary acupuncture, auriculotherapy (ear acupuncture), Chinese herbal medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) philosophies, Tai Chi, Qigong, acupressure, and more.

If you choose to become a D.O.M. (Doctor of Oriental Medicine), there are in-depth courses in Oriental medicine geared specifically for this career field. In addition to learning all of the abovementioned therapies, candidates participating in this course of study learn several biomedical sciences including gross anatomy, pathology, physiology, psychology, pharmacology, neuroanatomy, histology, microbiology, and elective studies.

Elective studies in courses in Oriental medicine may include but are not limited to homeopathy, moxibustion, cupping, and ear candling, among others.

In addition to these comprehensive courses in Oriental medicine, students who prefer shorter coursework may opt to enroll in programs that are concentrated on Asian bodywork like acupressure, meridian therapy, or Tuina (Chinese medical massage). Commonly open to the public, are Eastern medicine programs that entail workshops/seminars in Tai Chi, Qigong, and home herbal remedies.

Acupuncturists and Doctors of Oriental medicine must have achieved a high degree of education and instruction. Though not all acupuncture and Oriental medicine schools are alike, students can expect about three to four years of academic training; and like most medical professionals, these health care providers will need to achieve and maintain licensure and/or certification to practice in the field.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in learning more about these or other alternative health programs, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, naturopathy, acupuncture, Chinese medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore courses in Oriental medicine near you.

Courses in Oriental Medicine

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Cleanroom environments are controlled work areas that are designed to protect products from contamination. Cleanrooms are an integral part of organizations, manufacturing high-end products like silicon chips, hard drives, satellites etc. Organizations spend millions of dollars to build and maintain cleanrooms in order to ensure safety of manufacturing equipment and deliver high quality products. A significant amount of this investment goes into the procurement of equipment such as chairs, stools, desks, etc. Improper selection of this equipment has the potential to ruin the clean environment, and this could have disastrous financial implications.

Effective contamination control is achieved by imposing strict regulations that govern sterile cleanroom work environments and demand a very high level of compliance. This places extreme requirements on furniture, which is used to outfit such work spaces. The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer’s Association (BIFMA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) have developed benchmarking standards for such equipment. These standards are widely accepted.

People and equipment are major sources of contaminants in any controlled environment. In one likely scenario, a worker might touch a piece of furniture during the workday. Contaminants such as chloride, silicon, etc. present on this furniture might easily make their way to the products being produced, resulting in manufacturing defects and low yield.

ESD (electrostatic dissipation) is used in conjunction with cleanroom designed chairs in clean environments where both static charges and contamination particles are a major concern. The ability of ESD chairs to dissipate electrostatic charge to the ground plays a critical part in maintaining a sterile environment. Resistance to Ground (RTG) and Decay Time (DT) are used to measure electrostatic dissipation.

ESD/Cleanroom chairs are widely used in industries such as semiconductor chip fabrication, aerospace, pharmaceuticals, biomedical sciences, computers, medical equipment, and many more. As it falls under the category of industrial seating, it should be designed for maximum comfort and productivity. To accomplish this goal, ESD/Cleanroom chairs incorporate the principles of ergonomics. A typical ESD/Cleanroom chair should be engineered to provide the following features:

• It should be manufactured using fabric and components capable of dissipating electrostatic charge.
• It must comply with BIFMA and ANSI standards.
• It should be built for heavy duty use.
• It must be ergonomically designed.
• It should have a lumbar back support.
• It should be easy to use, and be equipped with pneumatic height adjustment.

ESD/Cleanroom chairs provide the ultimate blend of electrostatic dissipation, cleanroom performance and enhanced user comfort.

Study abroad loans for us medical students provide cash to the students for their higher study. Many students leave their education in the lurch due to lack of money. There are courses available to cater to the needs of the budding medical transcriptions. The American Association for Medical Transcription’s “Model Curriculum for Medical Transcription” that educators use to develop their courses. Two-year programs are advocated that include 240 hours of externship in a medical facility. There are some schools that offer shorter programs. Schools of medicine look for students who are committed to serving the needs of society. Students should be able to demonstrate originality, independence, and a capacity for critical thinking. Medical students should also have a desire to develop outstanding clinical skills, leadership in the profession, and innovative biomedical sciences for the betterment of public health. The best medical schools also look for enthusiasm and familiarity with health-care environments, as well as stamina and experience in community service. It is the dream of many students that they want to be doctor. But in the lack of money they can not fulfill their dreams. In this condition Study abroad loans for us medical students can provide financial support to the students. They can get cash on the same day through Study abroad loans for us medical students. To avail Study abroad loans for us medical students you have to fulfill some requirements.  You have to fulfill some requirements. You should be graduate student. You should be more than sixteen years old. Your guardian should be government employee or if he is a businessman, his monthly income should be at least $100. He should be citizen of USA. His credit account should not be more than three months old. If you have all these things, the cash will be in your hands on the same day. There are several lenders and organizations that provide Study abroad loans for us medical students. The borrower has to go online and search appropriate lender and organization. The borrower has to fill up an application form. The rest of the formalities will be completed by the lenders and organizations. After verification the cash will be transferred in your account. The repayment of this debt is very easy. You can repay this debt after completing the medical course or after getting the job.    

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If you’ve ever thought about becoming a natural healthcare practitioner, then you may wish to review some of the many alternative health schools, which offer a number of fast-growing career-training programs.

In addition to specialized natural healthcare training options, alternative health schools provide practical instruction in healing arts like massage therapy, holistic nutrition, herbal medicine, reflexology, naturopathy, homeopathy, or acupuncture, among others.

Depending on which healthcare discipline you choose to pursue, you might be surprised at the comprehensive training and skills that you will attain. For example, alternative health schools that extend academic programs in naturopathy are course-intensive, and generally require some degree of formal education prior to applying. In addition to health sciences like anatomy, microbiology, and biomedical sciences; typical studies in naturopathic alternative health schools include botanical medicine, holistic nutrition, massage, Oriental medicine; naturopathic history, philosophies and applications; homeopathy, and clinical ecology, and other associated studies.

If you find herbology appealing, then a great number of alternative health schools provide varying levels of herbal medicine courses. In a typical herbalism program, students are taught about Materia Medica, wildcrafting, physiology and anatomy in relation to plant medicine, botanical medicine history and philosophy, aromatherapy, herbal gardening and cultivation, and basic medicine making, in addition to other relative studies.

The eyes have it if you’re drawn to iridology. Numerous alternative health schools provide training and education to aspiring iridologists, who gain in-depth knowledge about the iris; learning how to identify certain markers and colorations of the eye, which correspond to specific organ systems in the human body. Aside from learning how to map the eye using an iris chart, students in these alternative health schools learn how to use specialty tools like magnifying glass, microscopes and cameras to examine the iris. Most often, this course of study is complementary to training in a specialized field of natural healing like herbal medicine, naturopathy or homeopathy.

Massage therapy programs seem to be a core training option at alternative health schools as well. For the future massage therapist, it is critical to receive appropriate instruction in the field; and this is why many States currently regulate education and the practice, itself. Typical courses average between 300 and 500 hours, with some massage programs exceeding 1,000 training hours. General curriculum in these alternative health schools is comprised of anatomy, physiology, kinesiology, Swedish massage, and deep tissue massage, among other associated coursework.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding healing arts programs, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore alternative health schools near you.

Top Programs at Alternative Health Schools

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NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

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.
Introduction
 

Past century saw many techniques like micro-surgery of embryos, embryo co-culture, in vitro fertilization and production of monozygotic twins, chimeras besides cryo preservation and vetrification techniques for preserving goat embryos. The recent micro injection techniques made possible cloning and DNA transfer and production of animal clones like modern day “Dolley”. Various reproductive and genetic engineering techniques like DNA finger printing gene mapping and recumbent DNA technologies are in active use.

Formation, growth and maturation of female gametes begins during embryonic stage and continues after birth evincing climax at ovulation (Wani, 2002) . The single cell released from ovarian follicle at ovulation in an “Egg”. In most of the mammals it is a “secondary oocyte”, when first polar body is already released at primary oocyte stage. In most of the mammals, the second meiotic division is arrested at metaphase and proceeds further only after sperm penetration. The number of primodial follicles in a mammalian dam far exceeds its production of offspring even after use of modern day techniques mentioned above.

Biotechnology has been used for various purposes in biomedical sciences which stands reviewed Wani (1998), Wani (2003).

2. Augmentation of primodial germ cell

The number of primordial germ cells in an ewe and goat is around 86,000 and cow nearly 1 lakh. Out of them hardly 100-200 grow to mature in life and only a few are fertilized and develop into a conceptus. The gap between potential pool of oocyte and those available for fertilization is large. Trapping this pool conventionally means using 0.2% of available genetic material for manipulation by known applicable techniques of superovulation, synchronization and assisted reproductive techniques reviewed and reported (Wani, 1998, 2003).

The varied ovarian reaction, inadequate knowledge on atresia and mechanism of favourable status of maturing follicle and final selection of the particular oocyte for release and its fertilization make genetic selection much variable and distant relatively in terms of number of follicle which do degenerate at each atresia. Thus, the intricate mechanism of hormonal play in induction of ovulation or maturation of oocytes needs more awareness and thus signifies more research (Wani, et al 1997).

In this context the neuroendocrine signal which triggers massive and sustained GnRH surge may be the switch inducing ovulation (Karsch et al., 1992). Few questions can be asked & needs answer in our todays review:

Does recruitment of follicle have any relationship with preovulatory GnRH secreting neurons? Similarly, Is the post-dated GnRH surge, involving morphological changes in neuron (Karsch and Evans, 1996) related to morphological adjustment, recruitment for follicle maturation and its subsequent release at ovulation. The 40 fold increase in GnRH over and above baseline values during surge period thought to be dynamic switch control of ovulation in sheep needs further elucidation, which demands more studies on morphological aspects of follicular maturation, selection and ovulation, especially in the light of deterministic and permissive models of GnRH and LH surges vis-à-vis folliculogenesis and ovulation in goats (Karsch, 1997).

Therefore, our innovative vision should be to remodel our techniques incorporating GnRH signals and oestradiol modulation for exploiting primodial germ cell pool to mature more oocytes in vivo or in vitro. This is what stem cell technology offers.

If by 2150 A.D. we are able to use even 10% of available genetic primodial germ cell pool of an improved mammalian species, it would be a landmark in the biological discoveries. This would produce more from less and less numbers. This is what we all strive for. Keep the number of goats as minimal as possible. Increase their productivity many fold, so that we have enough milk, meat and fur available for growing population at minimum costs. This is what we call sustainable goat production system.

3 Embryo Production techniques

Embryo production using techniques of synchronization, super-ovulation, embryo collection, embryo evaluation, grading culture, manipulation, preservation and transfer along with modern useful techniques of in vitro maturation of oocytes and in vitro fertilization, along with recent diagnostic and explorative use of ultra sounds and laparoscopy have been discussed. (Wani, 1984, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2003). 

4 Embryo evaluation and grading techniques

Various scales for grading mammalian embryos are reported (Wani, 1992) and are also detailed (Wani, 1996) However, what we need is a numerical grading mechanism for embryos as in sperms. The examination procedures of embryos shall be simplified for use in the field conditions in future.More intensified research on grading of embryos and oocytes are to be searched out. This is particularly important now, because of recent aging effect reported on “Dolley”.

5Determination of embryo viability

Fluorescent technique for determining living embryo cells got a boost by revealation that staining with Fluorescin – diacetate (FDA) dye does not effect further development. Biochemical methods based on glucose uptake; oxygen uptake or enzymic releases have poor practical applicability. More refined techniques predicting embryo viability have to be searched, especially for use under field conditions.

6 Embryo transfer techniques in goats

Surgical techniques (Wani, 1984) have been replaced with laparoscopic and trans-cervical non surgical methods (Hays, 1998). More simplification and search is needed to make whole set of techniques operative under farm conditions to produce future breeding sires from superior sire mothers (donors). More research on trans-cervical embryo transfers in recipients needs encouragement. A few innovative beginnings for ultrasonically guided laparoscopic collection of oocyte in being attempted and planned.

8Embryo manipulation techniques

These techniques reviewed and improved by our colleagues in the developed countries need to be operative under field conditions in developing country where most of the goats are reared. (Wani, 1996). Manpower or expertise is available; funds are needed to intensify perfection of these techniques.
.9 In vitro fertilization and prior sexing of embryos

Some of the techniques already operative (Jufen et al., 1991; Wani, 1996). We have used in vitro fertilisation techniques in sheep with a unique distinction. We used semen from slaughtered rams for fertilization of oocytes recovered from slaughtered ewes (wani et al 2000, 1999, Wani 1996). This promises its potential use for regeneration of rare wild animals. The slaughter house pool shall provide valuable elite germ plasm even after their death. This is essential to conserve wild goat ancestors and best producers like Cherion, Ibex etc.

.10 Cryo preservation and vetrification techniques

Various culturing techniques like embryo co-culture, cryo preservation and vetrification needs more emphasis. This has been added with Cryopreservation of whole ovary and its use for oocyte maturation, fertilization and transfer. (Wani, 2003)

11 Ultrasonography and laparoscopy

Prior indications of early pregnancy through ultrasonography, laparoscopy(Wani, 1981, 1982) have further improved and were reviewed (Wani, 1995). Early indication of pregnancy limits reproductive losses and promises efficient production systems (Wani,1995, Wani et al, 1998; Wani, 2005). New vistas in this arena have been opened up. In India our humble start in late seventies (Wani, 1981) has now advanced to detection of implantation of embryo too). We could moniter embryonic development and implantation through ultrasounds. The prospects of in vitro implantation and development of conceptus needs basic investigation. We tried to set up basic land marks in this regard. (Mufti et al 2000). The whole implantation concept has been rediscovered. A new invention defining the role of foetal and maternal compartments has been published. (Wani, et al, 2006, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c and 2007). A few new founded real photographs could be seen I the photogalary of this book.

12 Production of desired chimeras and clones

Production of chimeras and clones having high yielding genes through aggregation of cells from two or more pre-implanation embryos may enhance Goat production in 21st century. The addition or modification of DNA related to production traits may help in production of high yielding goats replacing Dolly with “Trolleys of DNA chips” on sale like computer chips in future. New pre-implantation signals hinted (Heap et al., 1990) and reviewed (Wani, 1995) may open new progressive research phase involving more and more reproductive scientists to unveil the hidden truth (Al-Quran, Suratul Mominoon, 12-134)

Inclusion of specific aminoacids in the culture media has helped to grow embryos beyond 8 cell stages. Now more advances in culturing ovine embryos by co-culture or group culture have been known. More search on rate of involution, development of concepts in vivo and in vitro implantation and transfer are some of the immediate research themes to be searched in near future (Wani, 1998, Wani 2002, Wani 2001).

13 Foetal maternal relationship

Various biochemical and morphological investigation on foetal growth and development has been jointly explored by SKIMS and SKUAST (Mufti, 1996). This is an innovative search to unveil various mechanisms involving in vitro implanation and transformation of blastocyst into foetus in future. More funding is needed for investigative and innovative projects on foeto-maternal associations such as reported by Mufti et al (2000), wani et al 2007, 2006,abc.

14 DNA finger printing

Genotype environment interactions are closely related to mammalian reproduction. Knowledge of genetic constitution and embryonic differentiation is a pre-requisite for breed conservation and improved selective breeding. Since, DNA of an individual is not directly influenced by environmental conditions except loci coding for T-cell receptors, antibodies and others; short term environmental influences like season, feeding and management may not influence. DNA sequences based on this central theme, an investigation was undertaken in collaboration with University of Hohenheim Germany. The study was financed by German Research Foundation. The project has ended, but its savings has enabled us to institute an fellowship to be called Gall, Geldermann, Wani fellowship for goat reproduction. Under this project, blood samples from Pashmina and Bakerwal Goats were analysed.

DNA was extracted from leucocytes with phenol-chloroform. Different regions of the expressed DBR gene and the DBR pseudogene were amplified by PCR. Fragment lengths of the entire exon 2 and the microsatellite were analysed, using automatic DNA sequencer, Automatic Laser Fluorescence (ALF) and by Single Strained Confirmation Polymorphism References

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Wani, N.A; Wani, G.M; Khan, M.Z and Salahuddin, S.2000. Effect of Oocyte harvesting techniques on invitro maturation and invitro fertilization in sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 36: 63-67.

Wani, N.A; Wani, G.M; Khan, M.Z and Siddiqui, M.A. 1999. Effect of different factors on the recovery rate of Oocytes for invitro maturation and invitro-fertilization. Small Ruminant Research 34:71-76.

Wani, N.A; Wani, G.M; Mir, M.M and Beg, M.A. 1998. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in Gaddi Goats. Small Ruminant Research 29:239-240.

Wilmut,I; Beaujean.N; De-Sousa,P.A; Dinnyes.A; King.T.J; Paterson,L.A; Wells,D.N

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Colorado state university is one of the research universities in Colorado. In 1876, Colorado territory became a state. Just a few years before that, that is, in 1870, Colorado state university was established. Initially it was founded just as an agriculture college. The college is basically known for its research faculties. Besides environmental studies, atmospheric science, infectious diseases, clean energy technologies, etc are some of the basic research faculties.

It has been estimated that 30% of Colorado population perform their science, math, engineering etc from this university. Along with the basic faculties, the CSU also offers programs in veterinary medicine, journalism, agriculture, construction management etc.

Being mainly a research university, there are many research programs available for the interested people. Whole universe is facing dangerous consequences of air pollution, nutritive defects in certain parts of the world and bioterrorism. The university is providing research facilities regarding these critical issues. Located in Fort Collins, the university includes main campus, mountain campus, an agricultural campus and foothills campus. It is just an hour away from Denver International Airport and is located in the North of Denver metro area.

It is a land grant institution that has around 24,700 resident students with 1450 faculty members and 55 academic departments. The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and a member of North Central Association. Being a research oriented institution; CSU has extended the basic cancer research and treatment from academic world globally. Similar is the case with infectious disease research and treatment. Bridging academics and business world is the motto of this Super clusters acceleration of the university. Public health solutions for the needy people are being carried out here.

There are two parts of research super clusters- Academic infrastructure and enterprise infrastructure. The former has a multidisciplinary coalition of economists, researchers, and business experts that work on research. The later is for promoting business alliances, commercial applications of research, and investment in research products. In addition to these, the graduate school of CSU offers necessary skills and training for practical utility based programs. The university also offers undergraduate degrees in 65 fields of study, masters in 55 fields, doctoral degrees in 40 fields, and degrees in veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences. Co-curricular programs like leadership and diversity programs, women’s programs and studies, learning communities, ROTC, Army and air force, applied studies in American ethnicity etc are done at the university.

The university also offers optional programs for the students who are undecided about the major studies. Health professions, teacher licensure, and law are available as pre-professional preparation.

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Drawn to ancient, Eastern medicine? As the oldest school of Oriental Medicine in the United States, Samra University, located in warm Los Angeles, California provides professional degree training in its Master of Science and Doctoral Degree in Oriental Medicine programs.

Providing in-depth training and education in Oriental medicine, acupuncture, herbology, Western sciences, clinical training and a variety of course electives, Samra University’s Master of Science in Oriental Medicine program* entails a rigorous curriculum involving fundamental theories and philosophies of Chinese Medicine, Chinese medical diagnosis and internal medicine, Qi Gong, Tai Qi; acupuncture therapeutics, techniques and Acupressure; Tuina, botany and Chinese herbology, herbal prescriptions, Chinese Nutrition, human anatomy and physiology, physics, chemistry and biochemistry, Western medical terminology, Western pathology, pharmacology, and Chinese language, among several other related studies.

Graduates of the Master of Science in Oriental Medicine Program at Samra University are eligible to take the California Acupuncture Board exam to acquire practice licensure. The program can be completed in as little as four and one-half years of study, but the degree must be earned in no more than eight calendar years from the initial date of enrollment. Furthermore, prior to enrollment, prospective students must have earned a minimal of two academic years of study.

Graduates of the master’s degree program at Samra University may wish to pursue further professional interests in the school’s Doctoral program. In the 24-month Doctoral Degree Program in Oriental Medicine, practitioners will acquire advanced and specialized training in acupuncture, Oriental medicine and other specialties. Building upon the education and skills earned through the master’s program, licensed Oriental medicine practitioners will gain extensive knowledge in biomedical sciences integrated with TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine). Other subject matter that will be explored in this particular program includes clinical training in pain management for drug addictions, gynecology, obstetrics, oncology, orthopedics, and sports medicine, among others.

In addition to its comprehensive academic training, one of the many opportunities afforded to students at Samra University is its internship program in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Advanced interns are eligible to participate in full-time training for two months at the Beijing University of Oriental Medicine affiliated hospital. As an added incentive, students who engage in this program will earn 200 hours of credit towards fulfilling degree requirements.

As with many traditional colleges and universities, Samra University of Oriental Medicine supports its alumni and other Oriental Medicine practitioners with its continuing education courses. Furthermore, Samra University offers ESL (English as a Second Language) to foreign students.

Approved by the Bureau of Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education (under the provisions of the State of California Education Code Section 94750), and accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, Samra University’s curriculum also meets the didactic and clinical requirements of the California State Acupuncture Board. Because Samra University is accredited, students requiring financial aid find that the university participates in federal student financial aid programs under Title IV, and is approved for veteran training* as well. (Source: U.S. Code Title 38)

SpaBeautySchools.com recognizes Samra University and applauds its vital commitment to providing diversified and comprehensive education in acupuncture and Oriental medicine. If you would like more information about this fine university, please visit Samra University today.

Featured School the Week: Samra University

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Cirrhosis is a chronic medical condition of liver abandoning the usual biochemical functioning of liver in the body. Cirrhosis is resulted from the surrogation of the liver tissues by regenerative nodules and fibrotic scar nodules that lead to the progressive loss of biochemical function of the liver. The common causes of Cirrhosis are hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis B; Wilson’s disease, autoimmune hepatitis, hereditary hemochromatosis, alcoholism etc. and this become a crucial health problem of the mankind.
The nodule formation and fibrosis lead to the alteration of the ordinary liver structure which obstructs the blood flow throughout the liver is the condition of Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis also leads to an incapability of performing liver biochemical functions. The pathophysiology of cirrhosis, the normal and anatomy of the liver provide the better understanding of the hazards of Cirrhosis. The liver is an important organ in the animal body where also where metabolism of toxins and drugs including alcohol are carried out.

The biochemical functions of liver includes the synthesis of blood clotting factors, secretion and synthesis of albumin, the chief blood protein, secretion of bile and modification of its components. In addition, cholesterol metabolism and the conversion of fats and proteins into glucose like primary biochemical functions are also performed by the liver. Thus liver plays an important role in the functioning of the human body and deterioration in its functioning like by cirrhosis is of major biomedical concern and diagnosing the disease and immediate treatment is the best solution.

Liver biopsy through a transjugular, percutaneous, fine-needle or laparoscopic approach is the best way to diagnose cirrhosis. On the basis of the results obtained from the histological studies cirrhosis can be divided into macronodular, micronodular, or mixed, but it is unfocused to the etiology and these may loss with the progress of the disease and serological sign are greatly specific. If the laboratory, clinical, and radiological records suggests cirrhosis them there is no requirement of going for liver biopsy.

The only treatment of liver cirrhosis is the elimination of the causes and preventing complications of the disease. There is no such treatment to get the liver cirrhosis reversed back to the original healthy liver. Abstaining from alcoholism, timely treatment of hepatitis associated cirrhosis and other cirrhosis causing diseases are the ways for eliminating cirrhosis. If the cause is Wilson’s disease then chelation therapy for removing the copper that build up in the body by this disease is effective.

Medications including antibiotics are the best ways of preventing the complications of cirrhosis due to different causes. If the complications outbreaks the limit of control then liver transplantation is preferable. With advancement in the biomedical sciences the chances of survival on liver transplantation or the success of it inflating and thus giving new hope of curing to the cirrhosis sufferers.

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I am not a huge fan of synthetic growth hormone, but I recognize that what separates the TRULY HUGE from the average guy is the stacking of Growth Hormone (GH) with androgens. Growth hormone on its own doesn’t seem to really add a ton of size on you though and it does carry some risks, so it’s not the best choice in my opinion for a stand alone product. It will however really increase satellite cells over straight androgen boosting alone and other supplements. The major problem with GH on a cycle is that it won’t put tons of size on your right away. We make a GH product (IGH-1) that you can take to increase your own GH production but it will not pack size on you instantly. If you are not committed to the long haul, then honestly, GH products are not for you. If you want to put on muscle that lasts and is with you for life, then a good GH product will help you get to that goal. Even REAL GH cycles are gaged in terms of months of use, not days. GH cycles last for 6 months and you don’t see real results for at least 45 days. This is why that a GH releaser is not going to pack on pounds of muscle in 15 days like a cycle of prohormones, even 4 iu of GH injections will take a long time to see the effect you desire. That isn’t to say that GH isn’t EXTREMELY useful, it is more like an important part of a good long term plan vs. androgens that give an immediate effect that feels damn good. I take a GH releaser every night, since reading the studies PROVING that GH is a valuable part of changing your genetics.

When 1+1=3

When you combine growth hormone with a powerful androgen, you get some serious muscle building, because GH increases satellite cell proliferation, gets you lean and increases IGF-1 production. IGF-1 builds muscle and increases satellite cell expression while burning fat. This is what makes growth hormone worth the 300-400 dollars per week the professionals spend on a cycle, even before IGF-1 was available. Growth hormone burns fat, but also greatly increases IGF-1 levels, which if you are in the circle of knowledge is VERY important, since IGF-1 is a natural anabolic.

Most of the IGF-1 on the market today is either fake or worthless, because IGF-1 must be cold packed and shipped immediately. IGF-1 degrades very quickly, but if you are lucky enough to get your hands on some REAL IGF-1, you are in for a treat. Expect to pay at least $300 per week though for the real stuff.

IGF-1 and GH can be stimulated by the body, meaning that your natural levels can be increased, which gives you the ability to get most of the same results as a pro bodybuilder without the expense or risk. GH secretagogues (things that increase your natural production or secretion) are on the market and they should at least include things like ArgininePryoglutamate, Ornithine, Astragulus, and L-Dopa. These are the most potent Growth Hormone secretagogues on the market and can sky rocket your GH levels, allowing you to build slabs of muscle. GH is pretty easy to increase with the use of secretagogues, but IGF-1 is very tough to boost naturally. There is only one ingredient I know that increases IGF-1 naturally. This is in products like Formadrol Extremeä pictured above, and the ingredient is Daidzein, which is the only known naturally occurring IGF-1 secretagogue. So how does GH increase satellite expression? Again, let’s look at the literature.

GH and IGF-1 on Satellite Cell Expression

Effects of growth hormone on skeletal muscle. I. Studies on normal adult rats.

Ullman M, Oldfors A.

Department of Pathology, Gothenburg University, Sweden.

A study was made on the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on fast and slow skeletal muscle in normal adult female rats. Daily injections of 4 IE of rhGH over 36 days resulted in increased levels of insulin-like growth factor I in serum and increased body weight. Morphometric analysis of the muscle fibres of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles revealed a significant increase in diameter of both type 1 and type 2 fibres in both muscles. The DNA: protein ratio and the number of satellite cells:muscle fibre in cross-sections was increased in the GH-treated rats in relation to controls. The results show that rhGH has pronounced effects on both cell proliferation and muscle fibre growth in skeletal muscle of normal adults rats.

IGF-1 induces human myotube hypertrophy by increasing cell recruitment.

Jacquemin V, Furling D, Bigot A, Butler-Browne GS, Mouly V.

CNRS UMR 7000 Cytosquelette et Developpement, Paris, France.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown in rodents (i) in vivo to induce muscle fiber hypertrophy and to prevent muscle mass decline with age and (ii) in vitro to enhance the proliferative life span of myoblasts and to induce myotube hypertrophy. In this study, performed on human primary cultures, we have shown that IGF-1 has very little effect on the proliferative life span of human myoblasts but does delay replicative senescence. IGF-1 also induces hypertrophy of human myotubes in vitro, as characterized by an increase in the mean number of nuclei per myotube, an increase in the fusion index, and an increase in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content. In addition, muscle hypertrophy can be triggered in the absence of proliferation by recruiting more mononucleated cells. We propose that IGF-1-induced hypertrophy can involve the recruitment of reserve cells in human skeletal muscle.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 and muscle growth: implication for satellite cell proliferation.

Machida S, Booth FW.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, E102 Veterinary Medical Building, 1600 East Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been shown to rescue the aging-related or inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass through the activation of satellite cells. However, the signalling pathways and the mechanism by which IGF-1 affects satellite cells have not been not completely identified. The purpose of the present review is to provide current understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying IGF-1 induced proliferation of satellite cells.

Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage.

Hill M, Goldspink G.

Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.

Muscle satellite cells are mononuclear cells that remain in a quiescent state until activated when they proliferate and fuse with muscle fibres to donate nuclei, a process necessary for post-embryonic growth, hypertrophy and tissue repair in this post-mitotic tissue. These processes have been associated with expression of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) gene that can undergo alternative splicing to generate different gene products with varying functions. To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms involved in local tissue repair, the time courses of expression of two IGF-I splice variants produced in muscle were determined together with marker genes for satellite cell activation following local muscle damage. Using real-time RT-PCR with specific primers, the mRNA transcripts in rat tibialis anterior muscles were measured at different time intervals following either mechanical damage imposed by electrical stimulation of the stretched muscle or damage caused by injection with bupivacaine. It was found that the autocrine splice variant mechano growth factor (MGF) was rapidly expressed and then declined within a few days following both types of damage. Systemic IGF-IEa was more slowly upregulated and its increase was commensurate with the rate of decline in MGF expression. Satellite cell activation as measured by M-cadherin and one of the muscle regulatory factors MyoD and the sequence of expression suggests that the initial pulse of MGF is responsible for satellite cell activation, as the systemic IGF-IEa mRNA expression peaks after the expression of these markers, including M-cadherin protein. Later splicing of the IGF-I gene away from MGF but towards IGF-IEa seems physiologically appropriate as IGF-IEa is the main source of mature IGF-I for upregulation of protein synthesis required to complete the repair.

GH on Muscle:

Growth hormone / insulin-like growth factor-1 axis during puberty.

Christoforidis A, Maniadaki I, Stanhope R.

Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Middlesex Hospital (UCLH), London, UK.

Puberty is a dynamic, transitional period of life which is characterized by the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics leading to the development of fertility. Puberty is accompanied by sexually dimorphic changes in linear growth, body proportions and body composition. The pubertal growth spurt is influenced by a number of factors such as hormones, nutrition, physical activity and general health, acting mostly in concert in order to modify a genetic potential for growth. Growth hormone (GH) is traditionally considered to be the main regulator of growth. During puberty, elevated sex steroid concentrations (especially oestrogens) stimulate GH production, leading to an activation of the whole GH/Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis. This activation is mostly characterized by an increase in the amplitude of GH pulses rather than an increase in frequency or in duration. Interactions between GH and sex steroids (especially androgens) express an anabolic effect on muscle mass, bone mineralization and body proportion which constitutes the male and the female adult body composition.

Intact insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling is required for growth hormone effects on skeletal muscle growth and function in vivo.

Kim H, Barton E, Muja N, Yakar S, Pennisi P, Leroith D.

Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8D12, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1758, USA.

GH and IGF-I are potent regulators of muscle growth and function. Although IGF-I is known to mediate many of the effects of GH, it is not yet clear whether all effects of GH are completely dependent on the IGF-I system. To evaluate the biological effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on muscle growth, we administrated recombinant human GH to mice, which lack IGF-I function specifically in skeletal muscle, due to the overexpression of a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor in this tissue (MKR mice). GH treatment significantly increased the levels of hepatic IGF-I mRNA and serum IGF-I levels in both wild-type (WT) and MKR mice. These GH-induced effects were paralleled by increases in body weight and in the weights of most GH-responsive organs in both groups of mice. Interestingly, unlike WT mice, GH treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle weight in MKR mice. GH treatment failed to reverse the impaired muscle function in MKR mice. Furthermore, MKR mice exhibited no effects of GH on the cross-sectional area of myofibers and the proliferation of satellite cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the in vivo effects of GH on muscle mass and strength are primarily mediated by activation of the IGF-I receptor.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 and muscle growth: implication for satellite cell proliferation.

Machida S, Booth FW.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, E102 Veterinary Medical Building, 1600 East Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been shown to rescue the aging-related or inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass through the activation of satellite cells. However, the signalling pathways and the mechanism by which IGF-1 affects satellite cells have not been not completely identified. The purpose of the present review is to provide current understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying IGF-1 induced proliferation of satellite cells.

The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial.

Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, Breen L, Pentecost C, Whyte M, McMillan CV, Bradley C, Martin FC.

Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, GKT School of Medicine, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.

CONTEXT: Declines in GH and testosterone (Te) secretion may contribute to the detrimental aging changes of elderly men. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of near-physiological GH with/without Te administration on lean body mass, total body fat, midthigh muscle cross-section area, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, condition-specific quality of life (Age-Related Hormone Deficiency-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire), and generic health status (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) of older men. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 80 healthy, community-dwelling, older men (age, 65-80 yr). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive 1) placebo GH or placebo Te, 2) recombinant human GH (rhGH) and placebo Te (GH), 3) Te and placebo rhGH (Te), or 4) rhGH and Te (GHTe). GH doses were titrated over 8 wk to produce IGF-I levels in the upper half of the age-specific reference range. A fixed dose of Te (5 mg) was given by transdermal patches. RESULTS: Lean body mass increased with GHTe (P = 0.008) and GH (P = 0.004), compared with placebo. Total body fat decreased with GHTe only (P = 0.02). Midthigh muscle (P = 0.006) and aerobic capacity (P < 0.001) increased only after GHTe. Muscle strength changes were variable; one of six measures significantly increased with GHTe. Significant treatment group by time interactions indicated an improved Age-Related Hormone Deficiency-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire score (P = 0.007) in the GH and GHTe groups. Bodily pain increased with GH alone, as determined by the Short-Form Health Survey (P = 0.003). There were no major adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Coadministration of low dose GH with Te resulted in beneficial changes being observed more often than with either GH or Te alone.

Supraphysiological growth hormone: less fat, more extracellular fluid but uncertain effects on muscles in healthy, active young adults.

Ehrnborg C, Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, Bengtsson BA, Rosen T.

Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden. christer.ehrnborg@medic.gu.se OBJECTIVES: To study the effects on body composition after 1 month’s administration of supraphysiological doses of growth hormone (GH) in healthy, active young adults with normal GH-IGF-I axis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy, physically active volunteers (15 men and 15 women), mean age 25.9 years (range 18-35), participated in this study, designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study with three groups (n = 10: five men and five women in each group). The groups comprised the following: placebo (P), GH 0.1 IU/kg/day [0.033 mg/kg/day] (GH 0.1) and GH 0.2 IU/kg/day [0.067 mg/kg/day] (GH 0.2). RESULTS: In the pooled group with active GH treatment (n = 20) the results showed significant increases: IGF-I increased by 134% (baseline vs. after 1 month), body weight by 2.7%, fat free mass by 5.3%, total body water by 6.5% and extracellular water (ECW) by 9.6%. Body fat decreased significantly by 6.6%. No significant change in intracellular water was detected. The observed increase in fat free mass by 5.3% was explained by the ECW increase, indicating limited anabolic effects of the supraphysiological GH doses. Changes were noticeable in both genders, although more prominent in the male subjects. Fluid retention symptoms occurred in the majority of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This is, to our knowledge, the first placebo-controlled trial to show the effects of supraphysiological GH doses on body composition and IGF-I levels in physically active and healthy individuals of both genders; the results indicate limited anabolic effects of GH with these supraphysiological doses. The role of GH as an effective anabolic-doping agent is questioned.

GH alone is not enough, which is why we stack…

Here is an example of an effective stacking of compatible supplements to achieve a specific objective.

Regulating of growth hormone sensitivity by sex steroids: implications for therapy.

KK, Gibney J, Johannsson G, Wolthers T.

Pituitary Research Unit, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of body composition, reducing body fat by stimulating fat oxidation and enhancing lean body mass by stimulating protein accretion. The emergence of differences in body composition between the sexes during puberty suggests sex steroids modulate the action of GH. Work from our laboratory have investigated the influence of estrogens and androgens on the metabolic actions of GH in human adults. The liver is an important site of physiological interaction as it is a sex steroid responsive organ and a major target of GH action. Estrogen, when administered orally impairs the GHregulated endocrine and metabolic function of the liver via a first-pass effect. It reduces circulating IGF-I, fat oxidation and protein synthesis, contributing to a loss of lean and a gain of fat mass. These effects occur in normal and in GH-deficient women and are avoided by transdermal administration of physiological doses of estrogen. In contrast, studies in hypopituitary men indicate that testosterone enhances the metabolic effects of GH. Testosterone alone stimulates fat oxidation and protein synthesis, both of which are enhanced by GH. Studies in GH deficiency adults have consistently reported women to be less sensitive to GH than men. In summary, estrogens and androgens exert divergent effects on the action of GH. The results provide an explanation for sexual dimorphism in body composition in adults and the genderrelated response to GH replacement in hypopituitary subjects. In the management of hypopituitarism, estrogens should be administered by the parenteral route in women and testosterone be replaced in men to optimize the benefits of GH replacement.

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